Technology, Structural Change and Manufacturing Employment

This paper presents a revised version of Roy Rothwell's contribution to the IIASA Task Force Meeting on "Innovation and Industrial Strategy" in June 1980. It shows the heavy impact of technical change on employment both from the side of processes and products. Discussing the economic mechanisms of long waves the author mentions "...The fact that Menschs' inventions are rather more spread over time than his bunches of innovations, certainly suggests that other factors play a part in forcing their commercialization." Those factors are the self-reinforcing pressures of capital accumulation, which result in higher capital intensity and lower profitability until capital investment peaks out and begins to decline. Roy Rothwell comes to some conclusions for the policy to be applied. In his opinion governments, via market economies, might help to accelerate the formation of new industries through the process of innovative procurement in the public sector

The Antarctic Treaty System: Resource Development, Environmental Protection or Disintegration?

The Antarctic Treaty System has successfully managed Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean since 1961 despite the existence of conflicting sovereignty claims and calls from the Third World for greater international participation in the continent's management. The spectre of unregulated mining activities in Antarctica caused the parties to the Antarctic Treaty to negotiate the Convention for the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities in 1988. However, the entry into force of the convention is now being challenged by Australia and France, who propose a prohibition on mining in Antarctica and favour the negotiation of a comprehensive environmental protection regime for the Antarctic. The development of a world park in Antarctica has been promoted since 1972, and during the 1980s various international environmental organizations gave enthusiastic support to the concept. A meeting of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in 1989 resolved to further discuss in 1990 the implementation of comprehensive environmental protection measures in Antarctica. While 1990 may be a pivotal year in the current debate over the environmental future of Antarctica, 1991 is potentially more significant, as the Antarctic Treaty will then become eligible for a comprehensive review. This raises the prospect of substantial changes to the Antarctic regime.

Pulse Duration as Well as Current Direction Determines the Specificity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex during Contraction

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggested that anterior-posterior (AP) directed currents induced by TMS in motor cortex (M1) activate different interneuron circuits than posterior-anterior currents (PA). The present experiments provide evidence that pulse duration also determines the activation of specific interneuron circuits. OBJECTIVE: To use single motor unit (SMU) recordings to confirm the difference in onset latencies of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by different current directions and pulse durations: AP30, AP120, PA30 and PA120. To test whether the amplitude of the MEPs is differentially influenced by somatosensory inputs from the hand (short-latency afferent inhibition, SAI), and examine the sensitivity of SAI to changes in cerebellar excitability produced by direct current stimulation (tDCSCb). METHODS: Surface electromyograms and SMUs were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. SAI was tested with an electrical stimulus to median or digital nerves ~20-25ms prior to TMS delivered over the M1 hand area via a controllable pulse parameter TMS (cTMS) device. SAI was also tested during the application of anodal or sham tDCSCb. Because TMS pulse specificity is greatest at low stimulus intensities, most experiments were conducted with weak voluntary contraction to reduce stimulus threshold. RESULTS: AP30 currents recruited the longest latency SMU and surface MEP responses. During contraction SAI was greater for AP30 responses versus all other pulses. Online anodal tDCSCb reduced SAI for the AP30 currents only. CONCUSIONS: AP30 currents activate an interneuron circuit with different functional properties to those activated by other pulse types. Pulse duration and current direction determine what is activated in M1 with TMS

Towards Principled Oceans Governance: Australian and Canadian Approaches and Challenges

Australia and Canada have been at the forefront of efforts to operationalize integrated oceans and coastal management. Throughout the 1990s both countries devoted considerable effort to developing strategies to give effect to international ocean management obligations. This key book focuses on principles of marine environmental conservation and management, maritime regulation and enforcement, and regional maritime planning and implementation. With contributions from respected scholars, this informative book collectively assesses the obligations, compliance, implementation and trends in international ocean law, particularly in giving effect to an Oceans Policy, regional maritime planning, international oceans governance, and maritime security. This book will be of interest to all academics involved with maritime studies and international law.https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/faculty_books/1092/thumbnail.jp

LGBTQ Inequality in Engineering Education

BackgroundResearchers over the past three decades have documented processes of gender and racial/ethnic inequality in engineering education but little is known about other axes of difference, including the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons in engineering. Despite growing interest in LGBTQ inequality generally, prior research has yet to systematically document day‐to‐day experiences of inequality in engineering education along LGBTQ status.Purpose/HypothesisIn this article, we use survey data from students enrolled in eight universities to examine LGBTQ inequality in engineering education. Specifically, we explore whether LGBTQ students experience greater marginalization than their classmates, whether their engineering work is more likely to be devalued, and whether they experience more negative health and wellness outcomes. We hypothesize that LGBTQ students experience greater marginalization and devaluation and more negative health and wellness outcomes compared to their non‐LGBTQ peers.Data/MethodWe analyzed novel survey data from 1,729 undergraduate students (141 of whom identify as LGBTQ) enrolled in eight U.S. engineering programs.ResultsWe found that LGBTQ students face greater marginalization, devaluation, and health and wellness issues relative to their peers, and that these health and wellness inequalities are explained in part by LGBTQ students’ experiences of marginalization and devaluation in their engineering programs. Furthermore, there is little variation in the climate for LGBTQ students across the eight schools, suggesting that anti‐LGBTQ bias may be widespread in engineering education.ConclusionsWe call for reflexive research on LGBTQ inequality in engineering education and the institutional and cultural shifts needed to mitigate these processes and better support LGBTQ students.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146822/1/jee20239.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146822/2/jee20239_am.pd